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The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

A affair in the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a subcontract creature with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alarm the commuter when tire pressure is depression or whatever other natural or human-made object that tin can be assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address and is able to transfer data over a network.

Increasingly, organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to operate more than efficiently, better empathise customers to evangelize enhanced customer service, improve decision-making and increment the value of the concern.

How does IoT work?

An IoT ecosystem consists of spider web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect, transport and human activity on data they acquire from their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally. Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information they go from one another. The devices do virtually of the work without human intervention, although people can collaborate with the devices -- for instance, to set them upwardly, give them instructions or admission the information.

The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these web-enabled devices largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed.

IoT tin also brand employ of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to aid in making data collecting processes easier and more dynamic.

An case of how an IoT organization works from collecting data to taking activity

Why is IoT important?

The internet of things helps people live and piece of work smarter, every bit well as gain consummate control over their lives. In addition to offer smart devices to automate homes, IoT is essential to business. IoT provides businesses with a real-time look into how their systems actually work, delivering insights into everything from the performance of machines to supply chain and logistics operations.

IoT enables companies to automate processes and reduce labor costs. It too cuts down on waste and improves service delivery, making it less expensive to industry and deliver goods, likewise as offering transparency into customer transactions.

As such, IoT is one of the nigh important technologies of everyday life, and information technology will continue to pick upwards steam as more businesses realize the potential of connected devices to keep them competitive.

What are the benefits of IoT to organizations?

The internet of things offers several benefits to organizations. Some benefits are manufacture-specific, and some are applicable across multiple industries. Some of the common benefits of IoT enable businesses to:

• monitor their overall business processes;
• improve the customer experience (CX);
• relieve time and money;
• raise employee productivity;
• integrate and accommodate business models;
• make improve business decisions; and
• generate more revenue.

IoT encourages companies to rethink the ways they approach their businesses and gives them the tools to amend their business organization strategies.

Generally, IoT is virtually abundant in manufacturing, transportation and utility organizations, making use of sensors and other IoT devices; however, it has as well found use cases for organizations within the agriculture, infrastructure and domicile automation industries, leading some organizations toward digital transformation.

IoT tin can benefit farmers in agriculture by making their job easier. Sensors can collect data on rainfall, humidity, temperature and soil content, as well equally other factors, that would help automate farming techniques.

The ability to monitor operations surrounding infrastructure is also a factor that IoT tin help with. Sensors, for example, could be used to monitor events or changes within structural buildings, bridges and other infrastructure. This brings benefits with it, such every bit cost saving, saved fourth dimension, quality-of-life workflow changes and paperless workflow.

A home automation business can utilize IoT to monitor and dispense mechanical and electrical systems in a building. On a broader scale, smart cities tin help citizens reduce waste and energy consumption.

IoT touches every industry, including businesses inside healthcare, finance, retail and manufacturing.

What are the pros and cons of IoT?

Some of the advantages of IoT include the following:

• ability to access information from anywhere at any time on whatsoever device;
• improved communication betwixt connected electronic devices;
• transferring data packets over a connected network saving time and money; and
• automating tasks helping to improve the quality of a business's services and reducing the need for homo intervention.

Some disadvantages of IoT include the post-obit:

• As the number of continued devices increases and more information is shared between devices, the potential that a hacker could steal confidential information also increases.
• Enterprises may eventually have to bargain with massive numbers -- possibly even millions -- of IoT devices, and collecting and managing the data from all those devices will be challenging.
• If at that place's a bug in the organisation, it's likely that every connected device will become corrupted.
• Since there's no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it's difficult for devices from different manufacturers to communicate with each other.

IoT standards and frameworks

There are several emerging IoT standards, including the following:

• IPv6 over Low-Ability Wireless Personal Surface area Networks (6LoWPAN) is an open standard defined past the Internet Engineering Task Strength (IETF). The 6LoWPAN standard enables any low-power radio to communicate to the internet, including 804.15.4, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Z-Moving ridge (for home automation).
• ZigBee is a low-power, low-data rate wireless network used mainly in industrial settings. ZigBee is based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.iv standard. The ZigBee Alliance created Dotdot, the universal linguistic communication for IoT that enables smart objects to work securely on whatever network and understand each other.
• LiteOS is a Unix-like operating system (OS) for wireless sensor networks. LiteOS supports smartphones, wearables, intelligent manufacturing applications, smart homes and the internet of vehicles (IoV). The OS likewise serves as a smart device development platform.
• OneM2M is a machine-to-car service layer that can be embedded in software and hardware to connect devices. The global standardization body, OneM2M, was created to develop reusable standards to enable IoT applications across different verticals to communicate.
• Information Distribution Service (DDS) was adult by the Object Management Group (OMG) and is an IoT standard for real-time, scalable and high-operation M2M communication.
• Avant-garde Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is an open source published standard for asynchronous messaging by wire. AMQP enables encrypted and interoperable messaging between organizations and applications. The protocol is used in client-server messaging and in IoT device management.
• Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a protocol designed by the IETF that specifies how low-power, compute-constrained devices can operate in the internet of things.
• Long Range Broad Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a protocol for WANs designed to support huge networks, such as smart cities, with millions of low-power devices.

IoT frameworks include the following:

• Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT is a deject computing platform for IoT released by Amazon. This framework is designed to enable smart devices to easily connect and securely interact with the AWS cloud and other continued devices.
• Arm Mbed IoT is a platform to develop apps for IoT based on Arm microcontrollers. The goal of the Arm Mbed IoT platform is to provide a scalable, connected and secure surroundings for IoT devices by integrating Mbed tools and services.
• Microsoft's Azure IoT Suite is a platform that consists of a set of services that enables users to interact with and receive data from their IoT devices, too as perform diverse operations over information, such as multidimensional analysis, transformation and aggregation, and visualize those operations in a fashion that's suitable for business.
• Google'southward Brillo/Weave is a platform for the rapid implementation of IoT applications. The platform consists of two main backbones: Brillo, an Android-based Bone for the evolution of embedded low-power devices, and Weave, an IoT-oriented communication protocol that serves as the communication language betwixt the device and the cloud.
• Calvin is an open source IoT platform released by Ericsson designed for building and managing distributed applications that enable devices to talk to each other. Calvin includes a evolution framework for application developers, also equally a runtime surroundings for handling the running application.

Consumer and enterprise IoT applications

There are numerous existent-world applications of the net of things, ranging from consumer IoT and enterprise IoT to manufacturing and industrial IoT (IIoT). IoT applications bridge numerous verticals, including automotive, telecom and energy.

In the consumer segment, for example, smart homes that are equipped with smart thermostats, smart appliances and connected heating, lighting and electronic devices can be controlled remotely via computers and smartphones.

Clothing devices with sensors and software tin collect and analyze user data, sending letters to other technologies near the users with the aim of making users' lives easier and more comfortable. Wearable devices are also used for public safety -- for example, improving outset responders' response times during emergencies by providing optimized routes to a location or by tracking construction workers' or firefighters' vital signs at life-threatening sites.

In healthcare, IoT offers many benefits, including the ability to monitor patients more closely using an analysis of the data that's generated. Hospitals often employ IoT systems to complete tasks such as inventory management for both pharmaceuticals and medical instruments.

Smart buildings can, for instance, reduce free energy costs using sensors that discover how many occupants are in a room. The temperature can adjust automatically -- for example, turning the air conditioner on if sensors notice a conference room is full or turning the rut down if everyone in the office has gone domicile.

In agriculture, IoT-based smart farming systems can help monitor, for instance, lite, temperature, humidity and soil moisture of ingather fields using connected sensors. IoT is also instrumental in automating irrigation systems.

In a smart city, IoT sensors and deployments, such every bit smart streetlights and smart meters, can aid alleviate traffic, conserve energy, monitor and address environmental concerns, and meliorate sanitation.

IoT security and privacy issues

The internet of things connects billions of devices to the net and involves the use of billions of information points, all of which need to be secured. Due to its expanded attack surface, IoT security and IoT privacy are cited as major concerns.

In 2016, one of the virtually notorious recent IoT attacks was Mirai, a botnet that infiltrated domain name server provider Dyn and took downwardly many websites for an extended period of time in one of the biggest distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks ever seen. Attackers gained access to the network by exploiting poorly secured IoT devices.

Because IoT devices are closely connected, all a hacker has to do is exploit one vulnerability to manipulate all the data, rendering it unusable. Manufacturers that don't update their devices regularly -- or at all -- leave them vulnerable to cybercriminals.

Additionally, continued devices often ask users to input their personal information, including names, ages, addresses, phone numbers and even social media accounts -- information that'due south invaluable to hackers.

Hackers aren't the but threat to the internet of things; privacy is another major concern for IoT users. For case, companies that brand and distribute consumer IoT devices could apply those devices to obtain and sell users' personal data.

Beyond leaking personal information, IoT poses a risk to critical infrastructure, including electricity, transportation and inancial services.

What is the history of IoT?

Kevin Ashton, co-founder of the Auto-ID Centre at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), first mentioned the internet of things in a presentation he made to Procter &Gamble (P&K) in 1999. Wanting to bring radio frequency ID (RFID) to the attending of P&K's senior management, Ashton called his presentation "Cyberspace of Things" to incorporate the absurd new trend of 1999: the internet. MIT professor Neil Gershenfeld's book, When Things Start to Think, also appeared in 1999. It didn't use the exact term only provided a clear vision of where IoT was headed.

IoT has evolved from the convergence of wireless technologies, microelectromechanical systems (MEMSes), microservices and the net. The convergence has helped tear down the silos betwixt operational engineering (OT) and information technology (IT), enabling unstructured machine-generated data to be analyzed for insights to drive improvements.

Although Ashton's was the kickoff mention of the internet of things, the idea of connected devices has been effectually since the 1970s, nether the monikers embedded net and pervasive computing.

The first internet appliance, for instance, was a Coke car at Carnegie Mellon University in the early 1980s. Using the spider web, programmers could check the status of the machine and make up one's mind whether there would exist a cold drinkable awaiting them, should they decide to brand the trip to the machine.

IoT evolved from M2M advice, i.east., machines connecting to each other via a network without man interaction. M2M refers to connecting a device to the cloud, managing it and collecting data.

Taking M2M to the next level, IoT is a sensor network of billions of smart devices that connect people, systems and other applications to collect and share data. As its foundation, M2M offers the connectivity that enables IoT.

The internet of things is besides a natural extension of supervisory control and information acquisition (SCADA), a category of software application programs for process control, the gathering of information in real time from remote locations to control equipment and atmospheric condition. SCADA systems include hardware and software components. The hardware gathers and feeds data into a computer that has SCADA software installed, where information technology is so candy and presented in a timely mode. The evolution of SCADA is such that late-generation SCADA systems developed into starting time-generation IoT systems.

The concept of the IoT ecosystem, however, didn't actually come into its ain until the middle of 2010 when, in role, the government of Prc said it would make IoT a strategic priority in its five-year program.

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Source: https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT

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